How then can the hand of violence be laid upon it without involving our existence? The Metaphysical Confederacy: James Henley Thorn well and the Synthesis of Southern Values. promin, Slavery in the 1820s, did the south or the north have more antislavery societies? How did southern opinion about the morality of slavery change during the 1830s? "The particular trust assigned to such a people becomes the pledge of the divine protection, and their fidelity to it determines the fate by which it is finally overtaken." were plantation owners directly involved with the slaves? 7879). Girardeau served as a Confederate chaplain during the war; after the war ended, his former slave congregants, now free men and women, implored him to "come back to preach to them as of old" (White 1911, p. 304). I have seen them rock to and fro under the influence of their feelings, like a wood in a storm. From the 1820s until the start of the U.S. Civil War, abolitionists called on the federal government to prohibit the ownership of people in the Southern states. it required southern postmasters to destroy it and told southern state officials to arrest federal postmasters who did not comply, no, many northerners wanted to keep the clauses on slavery in the Constitution, those who did not want to fully abolish slavery but prevent it from extending it west, an organization created in the Great Depression that hired people to improve culture, including interviewing remaining former slaves from Virginia to Texas for three years; most of the slaves were very old and/or had been very young when enslaved, so they weren't as useful. Biblical Reasons. In the years leading up to the Civil War and through the war years, Southern ministers brought this concept into their pulpits, often using extreme language, such as referring to Northerners as "atheists" and "infidels" (Farmer 1999, p. 11). In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. John Adger (18101899), who preached in a Presbyterian church in Charleston, South Carolina, served as a missionary in what are now Turkey and Armenia for a dozen years; he returned to the United States in 1846 and wished to return to his missionary work. What arguments does Fitzhugh use to promote slavery? moving blacks back to africa/repatriation. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. They found ample support for slavery in both the Old and New Testaments and pointed out that the great civilizations of the ancient worldEgypt, Greece, and Romewere slave societies. 4 (WINTER 2013), pp. The pursuit of happiness is often considered an ideal, but it may be possible to have too muchor the wrong kindof a good thing. Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because. Must I pause to show how it has fashioned our modes of life, and determined all our habits of thought and feeling, and moulded the very type of our civilization? B. This was because slavery was defined as akin to a marriage: the power of slave owners over slaves paralleled the power of husbands over wives and of parents over children., The father/master was supposed to be a benevolent and paternalistic overseer of all family (and property) members. The war, which began as a sectional power struggle to preserve the Union, in turn led Lincoln (who had never been an abolitionist) to emancipate enslaved persons in areas of the rebellion by the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and led further to the freeing of all enslaved persons in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil:far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition. One of the clearest documents highlighting this and other important aspects of the complex relationship between slavery and religion is the sermon delivered by Benjamin Morgan Palmer. [CDATA[ Between 1945 and 1969, archaeologists hurriedly surveyed over 20,000 prehistorical sites before the Mississippi River Basin was flooded by dams. This belief illustrated the importance of the states rights argument to the southern states. According to this formulation, no single human family origin existed, and Black people made up a race wholly separate from the White race. They often accompanied their parents and were cared for by older children. The sermon, which reads in part almost like the Declaration of Independence, notes that a nation "often has a character as well defined and intense as that of the individual" (Palmer 1860, p. 6). At one end of its spectrum was William Lloyd Garrison, an "immediatist," the founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833-70), who denounced not only slavery but also the Constitution of the United States for tolerating the evil. Southern states believed that a Republican government would dissolve the institution of slavery, would not honor states rights, and promote tariff laws. This he did, convinced that the response he got was "sufficient proof that I have spoken to the heart of this community" (Palmer 1860, p. 2). The Life and Letters of Benjamin Morgan Palmer. Identify the main proslavery arguments in the years prior to the Civil War. Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. They argued that inequality in society was inevitable. no, by 1860, the majority of southern slaves had become Americanized. . Lincoln's famous "House Divided" speech of 1858 only. (Palmer 1860, p. 8). Watch this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, including the social hierarchy argument, the civilization argument, the economic argument, the racial argument, and the biblical argument. In the 1840s and 50s, Northerners and Southerners took increasingly adamant stands on the question of permitting or outlawing slavery in new Western territories, a matter with the potential to alter the regional balance of power in the country. Stout, Harry S. Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. In the case of the Episcopalians, several Southern dioceses seceded to form the Episcopal Church, C.S.A. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1994. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Vol. People began to describe slavery as a positive good. Free blacks in the South faced each of the following limitations EXCEPT. Tobacco A major reason for the weaker hold of slavery in the upper South was the. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"fnEDtBydh4cCYOf_hqpynad7Vzo8opegdVfoKL6amBI-86400-0"}; In what way was the South a paternalistic society during the days of slavery? In the mid-1800s, slave owners in the South believed in the chattel principle, or the belief that slaves were pieces of moving property and therefore would always belong to their owners. convince themselves that slavery was morally justifiable. (Palmer 1860, p. 8). Teaching with Reveal Digitals American Prison Newspapers Collection, attitudes and actions in the antebellum period, Proslavery Christianity After the Emancipation, The River Basin Surveys Preserved American Prehistory, Unmaking a Priest: The Rite of Degradation, Celebrating Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, The Strange Career of the Lady Possum of the New World, To Get Help for Sick Kids, Mothers Wrote to Washington. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. Those who attended churches where the slaves of several families were active had a chance as well to meet others in their unique predicament; they could have relatively normal conversations without feeling constrained by the yoke they usually wore (Boles 1994, p. 55). I've worked with students of all ages and backgrounds, and I love helping them unlock their full potential. Interestingly, many white preachers made it a point of preaching to slave congregations; some turned their ministries exclusively to slaves. Hi there! A video of the rapper Kanye West discussing slavery is a sad reminder of America's historical amnesia about the brutal realities of that institution. 72, No. . 1836 Battle between Texans and Mexicans in San Antonio. For nearly a century, the people and politicians of the Northern and Southern states had been clashing over the issues that finally led to war: economic interests, cultural values, the power of the federal government to control the states, and, most importantly, slavery in American society. . where were the majority of the free blacks? He and his supporters were known, after all, as "black Republicans," a term purposefully designed to conjure an image of radical abolitionism. The Southern clergy who accommodated slavery did so for two main reasons. no, by 1850, less than 2,000 Southerners owned over 100 slaves and were usually politicians and aristocrats, yes, about 75% in 1860; they were mainly subsistence farmers who concentrated on corn and hogs. this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/12-3-wealth-and-culture-in-the-south, https://cnx.org/contents/NgBFhmUc@14.3:iQkwpaR_@8/6-25-%E2%9C%92%EF%B8%8F-John-C-Calhoun-Slavery-as-a-Positive-Good-1837#fs-idm205300544. On March 3, 1861, the day before President Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, General Winfield Scott proposed four alternatives for dealing with the secession crisis. 1860; there were about 4 million slaves and 500,000 free blacks. I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. a informal network of people that helped fugitive slaves make their way to the North, Most southern planters considered their slaves to be. ." Sig= provided insight into the horrible life of a slave. . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); From an anti-abolitionist, pro-slavery cartoon, 1800. Confederates feared the Emancipation Proclamation would lead to slave uprisings, an occurrence which even northerners did not desire. One anonymous contributor to the Richmond-based Southern Literary Messenger, a magazine devoted to literature and the fine arts, wrote a piece for the June 1860 issue in which the claim was made that Northerners were themselves of an inferior stock, "wild, savage, bold, fond of freedom" (p. 404) and who, despite being deeply religious, "yet nearly approach infidelity [unbelief]." The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Harriet Tubman: Tubman was a fugitive enslaved person. being unable to own or operate small businesses. Still, by the beginning of the nineteenth century a large number of Southerners in fact opposed slavery (Hudson 1987, p. 190). The Antebellum South What did Southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet? what was the main goal of early abolitionist societies? The typical great planter of the pre-Civil War South was. Abolitionism, meanwhile, was in itself a heterogeneous movement. . Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations? Sig= was a weak justification for slavery and racism in the south. Stringfellow, Thornton. It was limited in circulation but was still the focus of intense public debate. Garrisons uncompromising tone infuriated not only Southerners but many Northerners as well and was long treated as though it were typical of abolitionism in general. . Forced to sign a document stating that Texas was independent after losing the Battle of San Jacinto in April 1836. Slavery had been an important economic institution in the South from early colonial days, less so in the more industrialized North. What Are The Hot Pools In Yellowstone Called. What led to the outbreak of the bloodiest conflict in the history of North America? To many Southern ministers, slavery conferred upon slaveholders a sense of responsibility for the souls of their slaves. . The defrocking ceremony was meant to humiliate a disgraced member of the clergy while discouraging laypeople from viewing him as a martyr. Under the pressure of worldwide public opinion, slavery was completely abolished in its last remaining Latin American strongholds, Cuba and Brazil, in 188086 and 188388 respectively, and thus the enslavement of persons of African descent by legal regimes ceased to exist as a Western phenomenon. Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a "positive good.". Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Slaveholders were told that they must protect the system of slavery, and doing so would protect their financial interests. Form of Protestantism that was devised by Christian slaves in the Chesapeake and spread to the cotton South as a result of the domestic shave trade. Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes John Brown: Brown was a radical abolitionist who organized various raids and uprisings, including an infamous raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Moses Drury Hoge (19181899), once the personal minister to Jefferson Davis, noted that those who praised the colonial soldiers of the American Revolution and those who praised the Confederate soldiers did "homage to virtue. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. But they refused to see this defeat as a divine judgment on their beliefs and actions. Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. slavery actually reduced their standard of living. Thirty-nine days after Lincoln's inauguration, the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, which marked the onset of the U.S. Civil War. In Europe, the first significant efforts to ban human trafficking and abolish forced labor emerged in the 18th century. A key issue was states rights. 1830s Area in the south that was a hotbed for cotton production. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. There were three main causes of the civil war including slavery, sectionalism and secession. JSTOR Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on JSTOR. no, by 1850, less than 2,000 Southerners owned over 100 slaves and were usually politicians and aristocrats did some southerners own no slaves? Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists. Southerners, to justify the loss of some 260 thousand men, had to try to understand, from their perspective, why God slept while they fought. Canaan, Ham's son, was made a slave to his brothers . The roots of the crisis over slavery that gripped the nation in 18601861 go back to the nations founding. . The most profitable commodity bought and sold in the upper tier of southern states was. Hudson, Winthrop S. Religion in America. Curiously, while most of them do note that the Bible sanctions slavery, they fail to give definitive proof in the way of specific passages. Confederate constitution outlawed the African slave trade, supplying many Southern cotton plantations with slaves. . Abolitionist, writer, and speaker Origins of the abolition movement Opposition to slavery started as a moral and religious movement centered on the belief that everyone was equal in the eyes of God. The sermon, entitled "The South: Her Peril, and Her Duty" was delivered as part of a thanksgiving service on November 29, 1860 at the First Presbyterian Church of New Orleans, Louisiana, where Palmer was a minister. Harriet Tubman was like Douglass, she too had escapedenslavement and became a prominent abolitionist. 1011). This entry includes 2 subentries: Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? They argued that enslaved people had good living conditions. . Can you think of a modern parallel to Fitzhughs argument? Indeed, Virginians cited Garrison as the instigator of Nat Turners 1831 rebellion. . slave labor was superior to Northern paid labor since slaves were outside, did not have to worry about unemployment or the economy, and they were cared for when sick or old, an 1836 measure supported by Southerners that was pushed through the House to require antislavery appeals to be postponed without debate; representative JQ Adams repealed it after 8 years. sig= showed the extensive process of the slave trade, and what a valuable resource slaves were. Never before has the Black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually. His answer: "[I]t is to conserve and perpetuate the institution of slavery as now existing" (Palmer 1860, p. 6). Reprinted in Early American Writing ." Founder of Texas. Tolbert County, Maryland New Orleans, LA: n.p., 1860. Sermon delivered in the First Presbyterian Church, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 29, 1860. it was punishable by death, but juries usually acquitted them, the only person to be executed for smuggling slaves; he was executed in 1862. who was responsible for doing the more dangerous jobs in the south? In fact, it was the economics of slavery and political control of that system that was central to the conflict. Boles, John B. One article banned any Confederate state from making slavery illegal. Curiously, despite their status as personal property rather than as individuals, slaves were welcomed and even encouraged to attend church services. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Need I pause to show how this system of servitude underlies and supports our material interests; that our wealth consists in our lands and in the serfs who till them; that from the nature of our products they can only be cultivated by labor which must be controlled in order to be certain; that any other than a tropical race must faint and wither beneath a tropical sun? By nature the most affectionate and loyal of all races beneath the sun, they are also the most helpless: and no calamity can befal [sic] them greater than the loss of that protection they enjoy under this patriarchal system" (Palmer 1860, pp. . The negro is improvident; will not lay up in summer for the wants of winter; will not accumulate in youth for the exigencies of age. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Southern Literary Messenger 30, no. "The South: Her Peril and Her Duty." Palmer then swings back to a more practical argument: that the Northand the world beyondneeds to maintain the status quo in the South just as much as the South needs it: "[The] world has grown more and more dependent on [slavery] for sustenance and wealth the enriching commerce has been largely established upon the products of our soil: and the blooms upon southern fields gathered by black hands, have fed the spindles and looms of Manchester and Birmingham not less than of Lawrence and Lowell" (Palmer 1860, pp. did many blacks want to move back to Africa? "The Slavery Apologists The agricultural-based plantation economy of Southern colonies like Virginia and the Carolinas required a large labor force, which was met via enslaving people of African descent. what did the Virginia legislature do about slavery in 1831 and 1832? Agassizs notion gained widespread popularity in the 1850s with the 1854 publication of George Gliddon and Josiah Notts Types of Mankind and other books. Gallagher, Gary W., and Alan T. Nolan, eds. Adger chose instead to forego his missionary work overseas and to focus closer to home, where he could be of benefit to the slaves and their owners (White 1911, pp. Which identifies a major contradiction in the attitudes of southern yeoman farmers? . In his famous thanksgiving sermon in New Orleans in November 1860, the Presbyterian minister Benjamin Morgan Palmer (18181902) stated bluntly, "I throw off the yoke of this union as readily as did our ancestors the yoke of King George III, and for causes immeasurably stronger than those pleaded in their celebrated declaration" (Palmer 1860, p. 14).
what did southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet