poal medical abbreviation nicu

), Iatrogenic An injury or disease caused by medical treatment, Identical twins Twins that result from the accidental division of a single fertilized egg, IDM Abbreviation for infant of a diabetic mother. High-Frequency Ventilator: We previously used the Infrasonics Infant Star ventilator at a frequency of 15 Hz (900 breaths/minute) in premature infants who develop PIE while on conventional mechanical ventilation. This isa type of test. You are giving the breaths. ), PO2 (PaO2) A measure of the oxygen content of the blood, Polycythemia A very high number of red blood cells (This condition causes sluggish circulation. During the acute phase of the disease process, arterial blood gases and pH MUST be measured 15 to 30 minutes after a change in ventilatory settings. D. An infant with a history of meconium aspiration who develops respiratory distressshould be placed in a hood to maintain O2 saturations greater or equal to 99% to prevent episodes of hypoxia and shunting. Indomethacin An aspirin-like drug sometimes used to close the patent ductus arteriosus, Infiltrate 1. Prophylactic therapy (before chest radiograph) can be considered in patients with respiratory distress who are intubated and are < 26 weeks gestation. Below are words that you will hear used in the NICU. During HFOV: Alveolar Ventilation (Ve) = (Vt). It is therefore necessary to correlate the TcPCO2 reading with three or four PaCO2 samples. It gives hundreds of small breaths per minute. Is chronic lung disease in low birth weight infants preventable? A. Tolazoline is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. Di-Di twins = dichorionic -diamniotic . VI. Lancet 1992; 340:818-819. This is IMV timed with the babys breaths. Your baby is in a special part of the hospital. Increase FREQUENCY up to 12, 14 or 15 Hz in order to minimize both absolure I.T. The oxygen monitor consists of a TcPO2 channel, for which high and low alarm limits can be set, a temperature display channel and a heat channel. Loading Dose - 20 mg/kg/dose of caffeine citrate IV/po, Maintenance Dose - 5 mg/kg/day of caffeine citrate given QD, Maintenance Dose - 6 mg/kg/day divided Q6H/Q8H/Q12H IV/po, Administration - ALWAYS INFUSE SLOWLY over a minimum of 20 minutes. Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) Bleeding within the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) of the brain, Intubation Inserting a tube into the trachea (windpipe) to allow air to reach the lungs to help with breathing, Isolette (Incubator) A transparent plastic box that has a heating system to keep premature babies warm (Isolettes used to be called incubators. Stark AR, Frantz ID. Nasal pharyngeal CPAP for RDS should start at 6 cm H2O. Rank Abbr. Thus we primarily adjust the power (amplitude/delta P) to change the delivered tidal volume in order to manipulate ventilation. When lowering the respiratory rate without a concomitant decrease in I:E ratio, the inspiratory time can become quite prolonged. One piece inverted on lip and around tube. * Check ABG's every 15-20 min until PaCO2 40-60 or within target range, i.e., titrate Power/Amplitude setting based on PaCO2 desired. Consider NO if PaO2 < 70 on 100% O2. J Intensive Care Med, 1986;1:257-269. Inhaled nitric oxide for the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Initial Settings - Use either nasal prongs or a nasopharyngeal tube to deliver a CPAP of 5 cm H20. mL (milliliter). If conventional rate is greater than 60, decrease rate to 40 and increase PEEP by 1 to 2 cm, before adjusting the amplitude. Minimize Pulmonary Hypertension/Vasoconstriction. This is a way to get the heart and lungs working again if they havestopped. It is thought to be caused by the action of oxygen and ventilator use on immature or very ill lungs over time. Respiratory monitoring in the intensive care unit. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure facilitates extubation of very low birth weight neonates. The goal being a MAP equal to or slightly (1-3 cm) below the previous MAP. The frequency of sampling is dependent upon the patient's clinical condition. IMV RATE (sighs): The conventional or "sigh" breaths should be similar to the previous settings in terms of PIP, however the inspiratory time should be 0.4 - 0.6 seconds. Subsequent doses are generally withheld if the infant requires less than 30% oxygen. Management of ABG's (Oxygenation a MAP): a) If not oxygenating adequately at initial MAP (10-18 cm) obtain CXR to assess lung volume. New Eng J Med 1993; 328:431-432. A special ET adapter is used during HFJV. LP (lumbar puncture). Following suctioning of the oro- and nasopharynx by the obstetrician, the infant's oro- and nasopharynx should be immediately suctioned by the pediatrician followed by endotracheal intubation and suctioning of any meconium that is present below the cords. This causes maximal blood flow in the skin with little or no difference between the PO2 value at the arterial and venous ends of the capillary. A flow meter regulates the amount of oxygen that is given to the baby through the two prongs that extend from the tube into the babys nostrils. If obstructive apnea still occurs after removal of nasal CPAP, you should RESTART the NPCAP and wait until the infant has achieved adequate nutrition with good weight gain and weight is >1000g; if significant apnea reoccurs even on room air, restart NPCPAP and wait a week before weaning off CPAP again. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) One type of sudden unexpected infant death (SUID), SIDS is the sudden death of an infant younger than 1 year of age that cannot be explained even after a full investigation that includes a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical history. Bacteria can leak into the abdomen (belly) or bloodstream through the hole. CPAP setting may be adjusted via blood gas results. New Eng J Med 1993; 328:399-431. PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) or PCVC (percutaneous central venous catheter). If meconium is passed more than 4 hours before delivery, the infant's skin will be meconium stained. F. Consider intubation and suctioning below the cords in the nursery, since meconium can be removed from the upper airways even after the infant has initiated spontaneous respirations. 4) Management of ABG's (Ventilation - Ve) Guidelines: a) Change POWER by 0.2-0.3 to change CO2 2-4 mm Hg or amplitude/delta P by 2-3 cm H2O, b) Change POWER by 0.4-0.7 to change CO2 5-9 mm Hg or amplitude/delta P by 4-7 cm H2O, c) Change POWER by 0.8-1.0 to change CO2 10-15 mm Hg or amplitude/delta P by 8-10 cm H2O. Gastroesophageal reflux Often referred to as GE reflux, or just reflux, this is a condition in which food in the stomach comes back up into the esophagus, and sometimes all the way out of the mouth. ), Dc Medical abbreviation for discontinue or stop, Decadron The trade name for dexamethasone, a steroid drug, Developmental care An approach to caring for premature babies that stresses their individual needs and aims to keep them as free from stress as possible, Developmental delay A delay in reaching certain developmental milestones, relative to most other children of the same age (In preemies, developmental delays may be short term or long term. NPO (nil per os). IV catheter. H. Monitor the infant for pulmonary hypertension with evidence of right-to-left shunting (See protocol for Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension). Wung JT, Driscoll JM Jr., Epstein RA, Hyman AI. The lower frequency leads to a longer absolute I.T. The term "micro-preemies" is used to describe babies born between 22 and 26 weeks of gestation or smaller than 1 pound 13 ounces. Ultimately, the oral intake should provide 100-120 calories/kg/day (see feeding protocol). Martin RJ, Miller MJ, Carlo WA. ), Nebulizer A device that adds water vapor to oxygen or air so that moist air can be given to the baby, Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) An intestinal disease, most common in young preemies (Parts of the bowel are damaged or destroyed because of poor blood flow, inflammation or infection. Babies with serious breathing problems may be treated with a form of high-frequency ventilation that delivers small amounts of air at a rapid rate. J Pediatr 1993; 123:76-79. Advance lubricated ETT nasally while maintaining placement of suction catheter. The shunt carries excess fluid from the ventricles in the brain where it builds up, down to the abdomen, or peritoneum, where it can be absorbed by the body. ABBREVIATIONS HIC High-Income Country HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HNN Healthy Newborn Network Advanced technologies. Gregory GA, Kitterman JA, Phibbs RH, Tooly WH, Hamilton WK. DR = delivery room Clinical responses to prolonged treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn with low doses of inhaled nitric oxide. We do not discriminate against, Meconium staining of amniotic fluid occurs in 11-22% of all deliveries. Initial MAP 4 cm above MAP while on CMV. The prerequisite for accurate correlation of an arterial PO2 value with a transcutaneous PO2 value is creation of constant local vasodilatation by heating the skin. What does POAL stand for? ), Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Pressurized air, sometimes with additional oxygen, that is delivered to the babys lungs to keep them from collapsing as the baby inhales and exhales; usually delivered by nasal prongs or face mask, Corrected age 1. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) - If significant apnea persists despite using both pharmaco-therapy and CPAP, the infant should be intubated and ventilated. To maintain body temperature, the infant is placed in an incubator or on a radiant heater bed. J Pediatr 1993; 123:103-108. If NO < 40 ppm follow met-Hgb Q12h. 2. Conclusions: The benefits of early postnatal corticosteroid treatment ( 7 days), particularly dexamethasone, may not outweigh the adverse effects of this treatment. During conventional mechanical ventilation or spontaneous respiration, gas exchange occurs because of bulk transport (convective flow) of the O2 and CO2 molecules from the central or conducting airways to the peripheral airways. The jet functions as a pressure limited ventilator. Oral feedings may be initiated even if the infant is mechanically ventilated, or on nasal-pharyngeal CPAP, however, feedings should not be initiated until the infant's condition is stable. An abnormal connection between two areas of the body, such as a right-to-left or left-to-right shunt through the ductus arteriosus. C. HYPOTENSION- decrease PEEP to decrease MAP to improve venous return if low BP is due to hyperinflation. Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) The death of an infant younger than 1 year of age that occurs suddenly and unexpectedly. High-frequency ventilation in the treatment of infants weighing less than 1500 grams with pulmonary interstitial emphysema: A pilot study. ), Pulmonary insufficiency of the premature (PIP) A type of respiratory distress that affects the youngest premature infants (It is caused as much by an immaturity of the lung tissue as by a lack of surfactant. Failure of hyperventilation and metabolic alkalosis as initial therapy. Air leaks out of the lung into the space between the lung and the chest wall. PO2 is directly proportional to MAP or by decreasing atelectasis by manually ventilating the infant with an anesthesia bag and then adjusting the "sigh" breaths by increasing either the rate, inspiratory time or PIP of the conventional breaths). Access resources for you to use during your baby's hospital stay and at home. NCBI Bookshelf. A . OVERINFLATION- decrease PEEP and PIP, or decrease frequency. phototherapy lights - increases inaccuracy, so cover sensor site from lights, or use a phototherapy blanket. To decrease the delta P needed and thus minimize the delivered TV in micro-preemies when air trapping is not a concern. Parenteral nutrition provides liquid nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and electrolytes. NPO This means nothing by mouth. If an infant is NPO, he or she is not getting any medicines or nutrients by mouth. C. Dose: 1.0 mg/kg IV over 10 minutes followed by a constant infusion of 0.5-2.0 mg/kg/hour via a scalp, or an upper extremity, vein. Recommendations for the initial respiratory settings for other neonatal conditions will be found on the following table. This is a type of measurement. If lung is not hyperinflated (flattened diaphragm) or is below optimal lung volume 9 ribs then increase MAP by 1-2 cm every 20-30 min until adequate oxygenation is achieved or lung starts to become overinflated (e.g. Inhalational nitric oxide: A selective pulmonary vasodilator for treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. The infant should be monitored and observed carefully for signs of respiratory distress, i.e., cyanosis, tachypnea, retractions, and grunting. AVOID: HYPOXIA, HYPOTHERMIA, ACIDOSIS, ANEMIA, Maximize Pulmonary Vasodilatation (Decrease pulmonary vascular resistance), ALKALINIZATION - METABOLIC ALKALOSIS (pH > 7.55), Support Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure, INOTROPIC AGENTS: Dobutamine, Dopamine and Epinephrine, SEDATION: Lorazepam, Chloral Hydrate, Phenobarbital, Midazolam and Thorazine, Small tidal volumes with high rates (i.e., HFOV), Avoid hyperventilation (pCO2 30) to minimize barotrauma. Endogenous NO is produced from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) within endothelial cells. ), Genetic counseling Advice and information provided by trained professional counselors on the detection and risk of occurrence of genetic disorders, Gestation The length of time between the first day of the mothers last menstrual period before conception and the delivery of the baby, Gestational age The length of time from conception to birth (A full-term infant has a gestational age of 38-42 weeks. xr$q)z %}! Chest wall needs to be vibrating. UVC (umbilical venous catheter). Pediatrics, 1983;71:483-488. The transcutaneous PO2 monitor consists of a combined platinum and silver electrode covered by an oxygen-permeable hydrophobic membrane, with a reservoir of phosphate buffer and potassium chloride trapped inside the electrode. e) If PaCO2 still remains elevated at high POWER setting (>7.0), decrease FREQUENCY by 2 Hz every 15-20 min until maximum tidal volume is reached (4 Hz at a POWER of 10.0). ), Phototherapy A treatment for jaundice (Blue or green fluorescent lights are placed over the babys bed to help break down bilirubin into a form that can be removed in the kidneys. The hourly dose is infused in the same volume of IV fluid that the infant has been previously receiving. Conversion often will not succeed if MAP is still > 18 cm while on HFOV. This is a tube put into an artery. The skin probe is placed on the mid-epigastrium and covered with heat reflecting tape. E. Consider starting Dopamine or Dobutamine at 5-10 ug/kg/min. The catheter stays in the vein. This is a way to help babies breathe. ), APGAR A means of evaluating, on a scale of 1-10, how a newborn baby adjusts to the environment outside the uterus immediately after delivery, Apnea A pause in breathing that lasts for more than 20 seconds, or is accompanied by a slow heart rate (bradycardia) or a change in skin color (Apnea is common among preemies who still have immature control of their breathing. Chen TY, et al: Inhaled nitric oxide: A selective pulmonary vasdilator of heparin0-protamine vasoconstruction in sheep. Fluid or other substances in the tiny air sacs of the lungs, Infusion pump A pump that is attached to an IV line to give fluids to the baby in tiny, carefully measured amounts, Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) Bleeding in or around the brain, Intralipid A white IV solution that contains a high amount of fat (lipid), Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) Refers to a baby who is smaller by weight than normal for his or her gestational age at birth (This can be caused by various conditions of the mother or baby.). ), Metabolic - Hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia or acidosis, Gastrointestinal - NEC or gastroesophageal reflux, Temperature Regulation - Hypothermia or hyperthermia. Courtney SE, HIFO Study Group. ), High-risk (at-risk) Refers to persons or situations needing special intervention to prevent illness, damage or death, or to keep illness or damage from worsening; for example, high-risk newborns, high-risk pregnancies, Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) Also known as respiratory distress syndrome, or RDS (This is respiratory distress that affects premature babies. Merenstein & Gardner's Handbook of Neonatal Intensive Care. (It is a shortening of a Latin term.). 4. This isa type of test. HFJV is not an optimal mode for the management of apnea. HFV is a new technique of ventilation that uses respiratory rates that greatly exceed the rate of normal breathing. A percutaneous arterial stick can be performed using the temporal or radial artery. Neonatology: Pathophysiology and Management of the Newborn. should only be increased by decreasing frequency, thus leaving the I:E ratio constant to avoid air trapping. Clark RH, Gerstmann DR, Null Jr DM, De Lemos RA. Following suctioning, ventilate the infant as necessary. Theophylline is a bronchodilator and in neonates with BPD it offers the advantage of treating both apnea and bronchospasm. SIMV (synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation). Intravenous Infusion (IV) This is the needle or small tube that is placed into one of the veins of the infant. Once intubated, the neonate with RDS should be ventilated by a pressure respirator according to the protocol found on page 36. This is a type of tube. 6. PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) or PCVC (percutaneous central venous catheter). A PICC line (peripherally inserted central catheter) is a type of central line that is placed in one of the major blood vessels. 7. EFFECTS OF CHANGING FREQUENCY ON VENTILATION USING THE SENSORMEDICS HIGH FREQUENC OSCILLATORY VENTILATOR. An alarm should sound if respiration ceases for more than 20 seconds, or if the heart rate drops below 100 bpm. Wean FiO2 until 0.50 then decrease MAP by decreasing PEEP and PIP as necessary. While on Infant Star, one observes rapid vibration of the infant's chest wall instead of the normal chest wall excursion that is seen with conventional ventilation. Clin Perinatol 1987;14:509-529. Thus, you set the PIP that you want the jet to achieve. Kinsella JP, Neish SR, Shaffer E, et al. Lung compliance usually improves, sometimes quite rapidly. Although feeding through the gastrointestinal tract is the preferred route for nutritional management, there are specific conditions where PN as an ad ), Herpes A virus that produces sores on the mouth or genitals (In infants, it can cause a severe body-wide infection, often leading to death or neurological damage. The Bunnell Life Pulse (www.bunl.com) is a flow interrupter that uses a pinch valve to generate a stream of high frequency pulses. 2. CMA = chromosome microarray . It goes through the mouth into the stomach. One of these new therapies is high frequency ventilation. Wean FiO2 until <0.40 then MAP as tolerated to avoid overinflation. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:A686;1990. Central nervous system stimulants. However, the most likely explanation is that CPAP splints the upper airway with positive pressure during both inspiration and expiration, thereby preventing pharyngeal collapse. It's for newborns who need extra care. Within the ICU specialized medical and nursing care is provided to patients, there is enhanced monitoring, and several methods are utilized to provide the body's organs with full support to sustain life. The SensorMedica 3100A is a true high frequency oscillator with a diaphragmatically-sealed piston driver. 2023. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> ), Kangaroo care A way to hold your baby skin to skin, against your bare chest, inside your shirt, or covered by a blanket, like a baby kangaroo in his mothers pouch, Lactation Production of milk by the breasts, Lactation consultant A person who is trained to help mothers with breast pumping or breastfeeding, Lanugo Fine hair that covers the body of a fetus and some premature babies, Large for gestational age (LGA) Newborn infant who is above the 90th percentile in weight at birth for his gestational age, Large motor skills Skills, such as crawling and walking, that involve the coordination of large muscle groups, Laryngoscope A tool with a long, lighted, hollow metal tube and handle; used when a tube is inserted to see the vocal cords and guide the tube between them, Lasix Brand name for a type of diuretic, a medicine that helps the body get rid of excess water, Lead wires Wires that lead from the electrodes to a monitor, Let-down reflex Release of milk into the milk ducts and down to the nipple (Mothers sometimes have a tingling feeling when this happens. Apnea of Prematurity - obstructive and/or mixed apnea. O2 (oxygen). May become occluded or plugged with secretions despite suctioning. Thirty mL equals about 1 fluid ounce. To increase alveolar ventilation when the patient remains hypercarbic despite increasing amplitude. Occasionally, gas exchange deteriorates after surfactant administration, requiring a temporary increase in settings to facilitate spreading or suctioning if the ET tube is becoming obstructed. ), Prognosis A prediction of the course and end of a disease, Projectile vomiting Extremely forceful ejection of the stomach contents, Prostaglandins Substances in the body that affect the blood flow to a variety of organs (Different kinds of prostaglandins may increase or lessen the blood flow to a particular organ. UAC (umbilical arterial catheter). Pediatr 1993; 91:997-998. This is a special part of the hospital. CPAP is most commonly delivered by nasal prongs or by an endotracheal tube placed in the nasopharynx (see also separate section on CPAP). (2) Confirmation of correct PIP should always be determined by appropriate chest wall excursion. Further dosing should be based on drug levels and clinical response. Minimize by proper positioning of infant and alternating nares every 5 to 7 days. This is due to immaturity of brainstem control of central respiratory drive. Many HFOV centers have you order amplitude or delta P (P) to regulate ventilation instead of power. Obtain chest radiograph and adjust MAP to obtain 9 rib expansion with improving FiO2. Any infant being monitored by capillary blood gas samples should have arterial sticks done periodically to validate the capillary sample results or should have continuous pulse oximetry or transcutaneous PO2 monitoring. Thus to minimize the risk of volutrauma, it is important to minimize the amount of delivered TV by regulating the POWER/Amplitude/Delta P needed in conjunction with the optimal frequency based both on patient size and the pathophysiology of the lung disease being treated to maintain balance between shear force and effective ventilation. NICU Acronyms and Abbreviations . ET or ETT (endotracheal tube). The decision to initiate chronic therapy is based on clinical judgment. It goes through the mouth or nose into the windpipe. This is a small, flexible, hollow plastic tube put into a vein over a needle. See section on fluid therapy for additional details. This is a metric unit of volume. Pediatr Res 1993; 33:341-346. Initial Jet Rate for First Intention Use: If PIE begins to develop also drop rate from 360 to 300 to 240. Pneumothorax or PIE - The goal is to minimize both tidal volume and shear force/peak pressure generated by a given TV at a set MAP. al. Initiate NO therapy after meeting eligibility criteria. Check gases Q15-20 min, and titrate the PIP based on PaCO2 until stable (e.g., RDS - PaCO2: 45 - 60). Before drawing a sample from an indwelling arterial line, the line should be cleared by withdrawing 1 to 2 ml of blood which is returned immediately thereafter. Consider transient neuromuscular blockade with Pavulon if infant is "fighting" the ventilator. A. It goes through the mouth or nose into the windpipe. The Free Dictionary. See patent ductus arteriosus. If the PaCO2 is elevated, the rate or peak inspiratory pressure can be raised. Holtzman R.B., et al. A femoral arterial stick should be avoided if at all possible, as there is an increased incidence of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head when this site is used for sampling. If barotrauma occurs (PIE or pneumothorax), consider high frequency ventilation (see separate section on HFV). To increase alveolar ventilation when the patient has severe hypercarbia despite increased PIP, when there is no evidence of air trapping. The greater the delta P, the larger the contribution of the PIP to the MAP. It is attached by tubing to a bag of fluid. TPR. Withdrawal of material from the body by suctioning, Atelectasis A collapsed condition in a part of the lungs, Audiometric testing Tests for hearing loss (See BAER brainstem auditory evoked response test. At this point depending on the patient, you can remain on the HFOV while the patient grows, you can convert the patient back to convention ventilation at a low respiratory rate (usually 15-20 bpm), or you can extubate the patient to Nasal CPAP. Terminology Specific to the NICU Anemia: Abnormally low number of red blood cells. The concentration of inspired oxygen should maintain the infant's arterial oxygen tension at 50-70 mm Hg. to improve oxygenation. NICU (neonatal intensive care unit). This is a special part of the hospital. This stands for temperature, pulse, and respiration. In the preterm infant, it may stay open and need to be closed with surgery. One kilogram is about 2.2 pounds. Once oxygenation is adequate and the patient is ready to be weaned, follow these steps: Patients are usually ready for a trial of extubation with NPCPAP when they meet the following respiratory support criteria: High Frequency Jet Ventilator Guidelines (PDFs): SensorMedics 3100A Oscillatory Ventilator. J Pediatr 1986;109:733-741. Acute - When the alarm sounds, the infant should immediately be observed for signs of breathing and skin color. Get the top POA abbreviation related to Medical. )JI_p0lIzl3:d9N=~R59tC?ST?Hzz?}]_!?W>4jn_UX}!R[WUw 4N@c[\ ]*q<6~YF$ihocO?Utlf,q8w?7~D>B>c?VSUo?k;ebXcoX!z_CO#B_;2n.~OB]ww;zw;}(Lke]j9u-\1\523=M{:l zMC#Y`hHcF0$Z4oz(MQLZ@7Px`iA5J"AG*U&q^c{U{C/X`z!tp0qRKrb-ucV*?a4lUn.#?yiMQvz?mCS1mswC{=[gcx[L%VHj; ~nZ*9\&s%R{owJ}:7UCw_gCpp/aD .T]H!LfWW'(r0Ohd If not oxygenating, increase MAP by 1-2 cm every hour until oxygenation improves. F. If improvement is documented (an increase in PaO2 of 20 mm Hg, or a decrease in ventilator settings) within two hours, maintain the same dose. This is caused by the heart beating and by the muscles inside the blood vessel walls. FiO2 0.6-0.7 increase by 1-2 cm, FiO2 1.0 increase by 2-4 cm per change). Mechanical support required for ventilation is minimal (see table below). ), TPR Medical abbreviation for temperature, pulse, respiration, Tracheostomy (Trach) A surgical opening in the trachea, below the larynx (voice box), made to allow air to enter the lungs when the throat becomes obstructed, Transfusion A treatment for anemia in which red blood cells are added directly to the babys total circulating blood supply through an IV or a catheter, TTN (Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn) A condition resulting in an excess of lung fluid at the time of delivery, causing an elevated respiratory rate until the fluid is absorbed, Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) A condition of the placenta that can occur in identical twin pregnancies (TTTS results in blood that passes from one twin baby to the other through connecting blood vessels within the shared placenta.

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