what happened to the zapruder film

After "Gimme Shelter" appeared, critic Pauline Kael compared it to the Zapruder film. On the day of the assassination, he and some of his employees went to Dealey Plaza to get a glimpse of the presidential motorcade. Time Inc. wanted to donate the film to the U.S. government. Jacqueline Kennedy gave a plausible explanation during her testimony to the Warren Commission: You know, there is always noise in a motorcade and there are always motorcycles besides us, a lot of them backfiring. [36][37] The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza denies that the Zapruder film has been altered, or that any of the frames are missing from the film. The film being "lost in the processing plant" destroys its chain-of-possession. Even further west, Mary Moorman took a Polaroid picture of JFK as he was being shot in the head. [34] Brugioni recalled seeing a "white cloud" of brain matter, three or four feet (91 or 122cm) above Kennedy's head, and said that this "spray" lasted for more than one frame of the film. He told Lane that his film "got lost in the processing plant" and that when he got it back, it was missing frames. . Mary Moorman and James Altgens, their cameras loaded with black-and-white film, were positioned near the curb across the street from where Abe was standing. I think people remember when they are struck in the back with a bullet that knocks them forward, and that memory is confirmed on film. After having a nightmare in which he saw a sign in Times Square, New York City, with the phrase "See the President's head explode! When theWarren Commission issued its report on the assassination in 1964, it concluded that Oswald had shot the president from behind. She has been a regular contributor to History.com since 2017. With fidelity to the true personality and essence of the man, the film also follows Abraham Zapruder, the businessman who filmed the shooting on his Super 8 camera, and who was devastated by what . As for frame 313 Brugioni's recall states:-I remember all of us being shockedit wasstraight up[gesturing high above his own head]in the skyThere should have been more than one frameI thought the spray was, say, three or four feet from his headwhat I saw was more than that [than frame 313 in todays film]it wasntlow[as in frame 313], it washighthere was more than that in the originalIt was way high off of his headand I cant imagine that there would only be one frame. Look at these two photos. I immediately looked to my right, and, in so doing, my eyes had to cross the Presidential limousine and I saw President Kennedy grab at himself and lurch forward and to the left. ", Zapruder insisted that frame 313 be excluded from publication. It captured the assassination of the President. . [26], The film's relevant history is covered in a 2003 David R. Wrone book entitled The Zapruder Film: Reframing JFK's Assassination. I recall that Vince Palarmara said something like 59 witnesses said the p. limo came to a stop. These witnesses directly contradict the Zapruder Film and all of the frames past Z 133. There was nothing and you couldn't get anything on television . Zapruder was an active member of two CIA proprietary organizations, The Dallas Council On World Affairs, and The Crusade For A Free Europe. On November 22, 1963, Abraham Zapruder shot what has become the most famous home movie of all time: a chilling 26-second snippet of film depicting the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Part way, I stopped it for about two seconds, then resumed the movement. Under those circumstances, those responsible for the editing of the original Zapruder film ( CIA ) would have been FORCED to retain the headshot frames. The provenance of the Zapruder film was firmly established and the film was regarded as the single most reliable piece of assassination evidence. all three of these films were altered, or. If it is a small number of people as versus a large number, then folks are apt to go with the larger number using things like what is said above. The extant Zapruder film shows JFKs limousine gliding forward at a steady speed of about 11 mph, it definitely does not depict a stop or slow down. Just about as I reached it, there was another sound, which was different than the first sound. She has worked as a creative editor at E.P. One of those officers who spoke to Baker was motorcycle officer James Chaney who told him thatfrom the time the first shot rang out, the car stopped completely, pulled to the left, and stopped. ( ibid. ) READ AN EXCERPT: "Story of a Poem" by Michael Zapruder In his memoir, the celebrated writer asks questions about the writing of a poem, and the meaning of communication, after his son is diagnosed . We KNOW that Z-312 is blurred ( moving ) and Z-313 is in sharp focus ( still ). Z-381, Z-382, Z-383, Z-384, Z-385, Z-386, Z-387, Z-388, Z-389, Z-390, Z-391, Z-392, Z-393, Z-394, Z-395, Z-396. The first Bang can cause the little muscles supporting the eardrum to contract defensively, making one temporarily deaf to a second Bang. Taylor Swift took to social media to assure fans her hand was doing fine after she suffered what looked like a painful off-stage injury in Houston. Neither ever brought it up. But theres something else about this close view its so close you cant see exactly when Clint Hill first gets into the picture. Following its publishing in 1967, Thompson's book featured some very detailed charcoal drawings of important individual frames, plus photo reproductions of the four missing ones. Connally: I was knocked over, just doubled over by the force of the bullet. Some described it as a pause, a halt or a hesitation. And that clear frame could not have been created by the camera being still and the limo moving at the same time. The right rear portion of his head was missing. [1] In his 2001 book Tell Me A Story, CBS producer Don Hewitt said that he told Rather to go to Zapruder's home to "sock him in the jaw", take the film, copy it, then return it and let the network's lawyers deal with the consequences. Governor Connally was also shot, though he made a full recovery. "Well, I was in a state of shock when I got back," he said, "and I was kicking and banging the desk. ZAPRUDER FILM CHRONOLOGY - COMPILED BY CHRIS SCALLY (Tabular_Z Film_Chronology). [16] In response to an inquiry, then-FBI director J. Edgar Hoover wrote in 1965 that frames 314 and 315 had been swapped due to a printing error, and that that error did not exist in the original Warren Commission exhibits. [22], The first broadcast of the Zapruder film was on the late-night television show Underground News with Chuck Collins, originating on WSNS-TV, Ch 44, Chicago in 1970. Reymond also claimed that he had seen the version through a friend of his who was a member of a right wing group in France called ETEC. The FBI later tested Zapruder's camera and found that it filmed an average of 18.3frames/second (slightly deviating from the camera's standard frame rate of 16 frame/s). There are serious doubts about whether the film is original and an accurate depiction of the assassination. I recall one researcher saying that the Elsie Dorman was the worst photographer ever. He was interviewed after the assassination in the Dallas County Sheriff's Dept. A small number of witnesses said shooting happened there. After a while, his receptionist, Marilyn Sitzman came walking up the hill. I gotta say, when I line up Gov. You can see how his visor snaps up when contact is made. Those first few seconds of the film are perfect: The sun is shining and you can clearly see the unmistakable, handsome face of the president as he brushes his hair from his face, lowering his arm as he turns toward the crowds on his right, smiling, and raising his hand again to wave briefly. Whereas witness reports can be in error.. I heard a noise from my right rear, which to me seemed to be a firecracker. Milicent Cranor is a senior editor at WhoWhatWhy. Although it is not the only film of the shooting, the Zapruder film has been described as being the most complete, giving a relatively clear view from a somewhat elevated position on the side from which the president's fatal head wound is visible. Josiah Thompson, author of Six Seconds in Dallas, said in his book, The present study seeks to make proper use of the photographs inasmuch as they constitute the only inviolable form of evidence. A U.S. District Court ruled in 1968 that the Time Inc. copyright of the Zapruder film was not violated by invoking the doctrine of fair use. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Removal of too many frames on that film would be noticeable. The testimonies of Brugioni, McMahon & Hunter along with the chain of custody of the camera original & its Dallas copies are to me the 'rosetta stone' of JFKA conspiracy. Abraham Zapruder's camera was running at a determinable speed: 18.3 frames per second. But a stop DURING the shooting sequence, at a time when Jackie was neither on the trunk nor Clint Hill had started toward the rear of the limo, could either be a sign that the driver realized he was driving into an ambush in front of him, or more sinisterly, making it easier for the shooters to kill JFK. Life refused to approve the use of any of the frames, even after Thompson offered to give all profits from the book sales to Life. Get a copy of the film, use good software, and look at each frame of the film. Music. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. While serving as chief analyst of military records at the Assassination Records Review Board in 1997, Douglas Horne discovered that the Zapruder Film was exa. counts among the top reads on the JFKA & Vol.IV contains his work on Zapruder's film over the assassination weekend. (Go here for individual still frames from the entire extant film. The extant Zapruder film is missing frames 208-211. "And then I realized," Abe said. A lone nut! And to orient yourself even more, check out the view in real time from the alleged snipers nest in the Texas Book Depository Building: Earthcam of Dealey Plaza. McCormick had been at the Trade Mart waiting for the president to arrive when he heard of the shooting. The natural inclination would be to step on the gas and accelerate as quickly as possible. That gives one a lot of scenes to use elsewhere. The Nix and Zapruder films were then combined into a direct simultaneous comparison movie.[29]. Title 8, Chapter 21, Demonstrative Evidence; Section 214: The principle upon which photographs are most commonly admitted into evidence is the same as that underlying the admission of illustrative drawings, maps, and diagrams. The effects of the visual image on society will be debated ad nauseum (curiously, some critics would later credit Zapruder's film in particular with giving a bit of ultraviolence and verite . In the following excerpts from Hills testimony before the Warren Commission, you will find specific reference points that seem to nail down the exact moment he heard the headshot. For an instant, the back of a freeway sign obscures the limousine, and then the Kennedys reappear. Volume 18 of the commission's hearings reproduced 158 frames from the Zapruder film in black and white. Senator Ralph Yarborough ( D-Texas ), who was riding two cars behind Kennedy, was interviewed by Geraldo Rivera in 1975. In Harry's account, it was he who told Abe that the Secret Service would want to see the film, and he offered to get Dallas Secret Service chief Forrest Sorrels and bring him to Jennifer Juniors [the business which Abe owned]. A small number of those witnesses said shooting occurred on Main Street and Houston Street. It seems that several witnesses did not hear the actual first shot. The original Zapruder film is part of the Kennedy Collection and is in the custody of the Motion Picture Sound and Video staff, at the National Archives at College Park. The force of the bullet drove my body over almost double and when I looked, immediately I could see I was just drenched with blood. As television station WFAA's equipment was incompatible with the format, Eastman Kodak's Dallas film processing facility developed the film and Jamieson Film Company produced three copies. Even today, the Zapruder film is seen as evidence in countless conspiracy theories about who shot the president. That same year, the family donated all copyrights on the film to the Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza. However, I dont believe that is the case. What he said seems to suggest he saw Kennedy being shot in the head for a second time immediately after the first time. There are many strange content images in the Zapruder Film. Wrone is a history professor who tracks the chain of evidence for the film. "[31], The evidence offered by Holland and Rush to support their theory was challenged in a series of 200708 articles by computer animator Dale K. Myers and assassination researcher Todd W. Vaughan, who defended the prevailing belief that Zapruder's film captured the entire shooting sequence. For instance, On November 24, 1963, while Lee Harvey Oswald was being moved from a detention cell to an interrogation room . Frame 313 of the film captures the fatal shot to the President's head. Another thing you should know: Promoters of the lone assassin theory often stress the fact that one shot can sound like two. Astudy published in the journal Helios corroborates that conclusion. [8] Copies of the complete film are available on the Internet. Plagued by nightmares of the films gruesome content, Zapruder only allowed the magazine to publish photos of the assassination footage on the condition that it remove frame 313the moment in which Kennedy is shot in the head. "That . Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Up on the concrete ledge, Abe looked out for the motorcade. Greenpeace activist since 1985. However, what if there were a large number of people saying something. When Horne showed his findings and evidence to Brugioni, the latter re-examined a copy of the extant Zapruder film, provided by Horne. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Statements by Zapruder and Marilyn Sitzman, the woman who assisted him while he operated his camera, suggested that he DID film the turn onto Elm Street. I didn't realize what had happened," Abe remembered. If the film was edited, the last step in the editing process, reducing it back from 16mm to 8mm, could only have been done at one of the commerical venues or, more likely, at the "Hawkeye Works" lab at Eastman Kodak in Rochester, NY. Years later, in an interview she gave with my mother, Marilyn remembered, "When they started to make their first turn, turning into the street, he said, 'OK, here we go.' An example of this type of forgery would be to remove any frames depicting the limousine making the sharp turn from Houston Street to Elm Street. John P. Costella, "The New Zapruder Film", "Abraham Zapruder Film | The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza", "JFK Files: Max Holland's 11 Seconds in Dallas", "NOVA | Spies That Fly | Master of the Surveillance Image | PBS", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_QIuu6hsAc, "La mort de JFK dans le viseur de Zapruder", "Murder Most Foul | The Official Bob Dylan Site", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zapruder_film&oldid=1149221010, Works about the assassination of John F. Kennedy, United States National Film Registry films, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 April 2023, at 21:53. Farther up the street, near the hairpin turn from Houston to Elm, Phillip Willis stood ready with color film in his camera. One of the sources of controversy with the Warren Report is its difficulty in satisfactorily accounting for the sequencing of the assassination. This would contradict the Commissions central finding that JFK was killed by a single shooter. After it was shown on National TV in 1975 Life magazine sold it back to the Zapruder family for $1.00. 2 hours ago, Jamey Flanagan said: Just a thought. "The Zapruder film shows President Kennedy being shot from behind and not from the infamous grassy knoll, in corroboration of the official autopsy findings," says Nalli in a release. [10][13]", Source: ( Noel Twyman, Bloody Treason, ( 1995 ) pg. On November 22, 1963, Abraham Zapruder shot what has become the most famous home movie of all time: a chilling 26-second snippet of film depicting the assassination of President John F. Kennedy . He tried negotiating with Life for the rights to print important individual frames in his book Six Seconds in Dallas. [32], The authenticity of the image in frame 313 was challenged by Douglas Horne, Senior Analyst for the Assassination Records Review Board and Dino Brugioni of the CIA's National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC). [His secretary] Lillian remembered that "Everybody was going nuts, turning on the television. You will be able to leave a comment after signing in, 20th Century American History, JFK assassination. So if the blurred frames were caused by Zapruder moving the camera in order to keep up with the movement of the limo,by his own admission the "clear" frame ( 312 ) must have been caused by the camera taking a "still". Jackies right wrist hovers at the edge of the trunk, and her hand seems to have reached the handhold. Costella was talking about the technical aspects of the film and not the content of the film. Each set was consisted of two boards, hinged in the middle, and contained between 12 and 15 prints of frames from the film, with the frame number indicated on the board. "I mean, it was utter chaos by that time. John Costella said the film was technically perfect except for small, technical changes in the film. Why would you alter the Zapruder film, but not the other films ? In the authors' words, "The film, we realize, does not depict an assassination about to commence. Excepta large percentage of those suspecting a conspiracy were swayed to do so after viewing the film, and the public viewing of the film led the public to call for a second investigation, which led to the HSCA. Whatever went on, it does seem we have missing images, the Elm turn and the limo stop and the obvious conclusion being dark arts were being practiced. He filmed from the time the presidential limousine turned onto Elm Street[1] for a total of 26.6seconds, exposing 486 frames of standard 8 mm KodachromeII safety film, running at an average of 18.3 frames/second. Weitzman set up his own optical house and motion-picture postproduction facility later that year. [1], On the morning of November 23, CBS lost the bidding for the footage to Life magazine's $150,000 offer ($1,330,000 in 2023). Abraham Zapruder live broadcast on ABC, Nov. 22, 1963. The version of the Zapruder film available to the public depicts the fatal head shot on only one frame of the film, frame 313. Another spot was blocked by a tree. Also, if pains were taken to set up alternate photographers shooting from Zapruder's POV, then there would already be a plan as to where to do the composite work after the film(s) left Dallas. Chart from Military Armament Corporation. Thats the only smoking gun in the film.. Brugioni was considered the world's foremost imagery intelligence analyst until his death in 2015. You may be wondering at this point: How could anyone with normal hearing not have heard that first loud bang? Keep in mind that this film was never intended to be released to the public. In this essay, Cranor asks readers to consider whether there is a significant discrepancy between the Nix and Zapruder films of the assassination, and if this indicates tampering. Changing the direction of the head was not. The driver hesitated after hearing gunfire from at least two directions, the way a human might. Asked about the origin of the second shot he heard: It was right, but I cannot say for sure that it was rear, because when I mounted the car it was it had a different sound than the first sound that I heard. It is impossible to know just what happened to the original film. He rushed over to Dealey Plaza, where he spotted Abe holding his camera and immediately approached him to find out if he had caught the shooting on film. Like many other witnesses, Hill apparently did not hear the first shot, nor did he hear the one that struck JFK in the head before he reached the car. As you will see, he associates that shot with the first time he grabbed the handgrip. The clip above would come to shape the ensuing evaluation and controversy over Kennedy's untimely death. It just couldn't be done. This anomaly begins with a frame with two large black lines across the entire image. ( 7 H 572 ) Again, why Elsie Dorman? Your explanation is logical. The Nix film shows far less detail because it was taken at a distance. And in real life, as demonstrated by the chart from the Military Armament Corporation, there are also manifold opportunities for fabrication and distortion. Then I saw a flash of pink like someone standing up and sitting down in the car." All of the films and photos are filmed from either the rear or the drivers side of the p. limo. Dino and his team projected the film for two members of the Secret Service several times, and they indicated which frames they wanted prints made from, which in turn should be included on the briefing boards. Zapruder recovered eventually, and the two talked periodically. I just laid down over on the ground [urged by another witness to get down] and when that third shot rung out and when I was close to the ground you could tell the shot was coming from above and kind of behind. (To see some astounding examples concerning the medical evidence, please go here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.). Either: a.) Only one person filmed from start to finish the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, which occurred in a matter of seconds at 12:30 p.m. on Nov. 22, 1963 on Elm Street in Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, TX. It confirmed Nallis theoryand shows that its unlikely that the president was shot from the grassy knoll in front of him. Each frame of the film was 1/18th of a second apart. He had open ties to the CIA. Lets say 18 X 15 frames, or 270 frames are missing from the Zapruder Gap. Mo Weitzman made several internegatives in 1968, giving the best to Life and retaining the test copies. ( 22 H 662 ) https://jfkfacts.org/rewinding-the-zapruder-film/-this is Doug Horne speaking on the Zapruder film. The provenance of the Zapruder film was firmly established and the film was regarded as the single most reliable piece of assassination evidence. I am pretty convinced the Z film has frames with the rear head-shot blacked out (before and after injury) and has had frames removed which coincidentally remove the brief stop. His silent color 8 mm film of JFK being shot to death in broad daylight while riding in an open limousine is the most historically momentous home movie in history., Until a few years ago, the authenticity and reliability of the extant Zapruder film was accepted by almost all JFK assassination researchers, even the severest critics of the Warren Report, myself included. She turned toward me and I grabbed her and put her back in the back seat. [10][12], Brugioni thought the Zapruder Film in the National Archives today, and available to the public, has been altered from the version of the film he saw and worked with on November 2324. That would have required starting with the wound and ending up with no wound. Acoustic guitar. Marie Muchmore was standing on the opposite side of Elm from Abe, on a grassy area set back from the street, her movie camera loaded with color film. (Unless Mr. Palamara knows different.). What I saw was more than you have there [in frame 313]. He also described a white spray. The latter suggestive that there was Secret Service complicity in the assassination of President Kennedy. "I saw the president lean over to Jacqueline. It looks to be almost a foot. Abraham Zapruder was known by everyone around him as someone who loved making these home movies and films. ( Dealey Plaza Echo, Volume 2, Issue 1, pg. There are 8 films in all that have been edited on Houston Street. Since he suffered from vertigo, this was a real possibility. Or even the next one. Her work has appeared in outlets like The Washington Post, National Geographic, The Atlantic, TIME, Smithsonian and more. A study suggests the 'grassy knoll' JFK assassination theory is bogus. He was one of the first people to see the 'Zapruder Film' the 26-second home movie that captured President Kennedy's assassination, 50 years later, the film . However, the chance of a leaked version ever seeing the light of day showing images of the limousine stopping during the assassination would have been infinitely more devastating to the Secret Service and would have been proof of SS complicity. Because the film is unique, its value was difficult to ascertain; eventually, following arbitration with the Zapruder heirs, the government purchased the film in 1999 for $16 million; however, at that time, the family retained copyright to the film. This is why the images don't line up in the frame and why the edges of the frame don't line up when the images do. For some reason, though, they never discussed their mutual involvement in the events of November 22, 1963. Editing a stop out is easy. [20], Before the 1969 trial of Clay Shaw, a businessman from New Orleans, for conspiracy in connection with the assassination, a copy of the film made several generations from the original was subpoenaed from Time Inc. in 1967 by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison for use at Shaw's grand jury hearing. He tried a few places, walking all along the curb on Elm Street, but could not find solid footing there. Dellarosa described what the turn looked like in detail: Abraham Zapruder was never asked by the Warren Commission why the film begins with the limousine already on Elm St. ( 3 H 221 ) What happened? Where are the Zapruder film equivalents to these frames? [35] Brugioni then stated the Zapruder film in the National Archives today, and available to the public, specifically frame 313, is an altered version of the film he saw and worked with on November 2324, the earlier of the two versions handled by the NPIC. [43], In "Murder Most Foul", a musical meditation on Kennedy's assassination and its effect on American counterculture, Bob Dylan sings 'Zapruder's film I've seen that before / seen it 33 times maybe more' [44]. Updated: August 23, 2018 | Original: November 19, 2013. But many did apparently hear two nearly simultaneous shots at the time of the head wounding. [27], Every frame of the Zapruder film has been put together into a panoramic movie. A specific mystery concerns what happened to the one shot that missed (and how Lee Harvey Oswald came to miss at what was assumed to be close range). The video was projected onto Lee Harvey Oswald's T-shirt in the 2004 revival of the Broadway musical, Assassins. There's no telling who possessed it or for how long and leaves open the possibility that this film was indeed tampered with. [9][10][11][12][13][14] Marie Muchmore filmed the motorcade from the same side as Nix, on the south side of Elm. 7 ) JFK is hit in the head before he reaches the car, or so it appears on that badly damaged film. One can choose to believe the top piece of evidence convincing people there was a conspiracy was actually faked to suggest no conspiracy, or that people's memories are often in error. Based on his model, Nalli also thinks that the theory of a second shooter and that of the president being shot by hollow-point or soft-point bullets are also unlikely. Once in the hands of the Gov't/Media it was Secreted away for over a dozen years and it's contents Lied about by Gov't/Media. It was given to director Howie Samuelsohn by Penn Jones and later aired in syndication to Philadelphia, Detroit, Kansas City, and St. Time Inc. filed a lawsuit against Thompson and his publishing company for copyright infringement. The 26-second Zapruder film of Kennedy's assassination marked the pre-dawn of the viral video . When the work was complete, Dino Brugioni reviewed the briefing boards and notes with his superior, Arthur Lundahl, whom he had called and requested come to the facility. Leading experts explore the many theories of what happened on November 22, 1963. Dino Brugioni said he saw the original Zapruder film. It demonstrates that a temporary cavity formed inside the presidents soft tissue as the momentum and kinetic energy of the bullet smashed into his skull, causing his head to snap forward.

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